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This study aims at identifying factors influencing the birth of exceptional children in families who have more than one exceptional child. It investigates and compares the biological characteristics of the parents with more than one exceptional child, in two groups: a) parents from the same family background either from mother of father side b) parents from different family background or parents who are not relative. This study also compares the demographic characteristics of children in these two groups. This study focuses on 94 parents 58 of which form the Target group and 36 form the comparison group. Finding showed that there are significant differences in several biological characteristics variables in the two groups under study. These variables are parents' type of marriage, parents' relationship in terms of their family background, the mother's age, the father's age, mother's marriage age in both groups.

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Systems of education in different countries usually make psychological assessments of incoming first grade students to primary schools to be able to adjust their educational curriculum to special needs of the students. In our country, a project entitled "assessing physical health & school readiness" conducted from 1996 for incoming fist grade students. This project focuses on students' individual information, family situation, and physical health of the students as well as a brief assessment of their school readiness via some assessment approaches. The review studies carried out through investigating the modern approaches and new researches concerning the psychological assessment of incoming first grade school students indicate that our educational system's attempts in this field, compared with the international advanced psychological assessment of incoming students and with the goals of these assessments have great shortages and it is vital that some scientific, developmental and applicable research to be done to create a change.

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Background: The studies have shown that mental health and irrational beliefs play an important role in family and career, and it seems that self is influenced by the working conditions of teachers. This study aimed at comparing mental health and irrational believes of ordinary and special primary schools teachers of Yazd province.

Method: The population includes all teachers of ordinary and special primary schools of Yazd in 2013. The sample of the study (60 teachers of special school and 60 teachers of ordinary school) was taken by census and targeted sampling. For data collection, the questionnaire of irrational believes of Jones IBT and Goldberg mental health (GHQ) was used. The processing data using descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA and multiple regression multivariate input method) was performed.

Results: Data analyzing was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics and results confirmed the research hypotheses. It shows that there was a significant difference between irrational believes and mental health of ordinary and special primary school teachers (p<0/001). Regression analysis show that irrational believes; demand for approval by others, tendency to blame, and avoiding possible problems in ordinary school teachers and perfectionism can predict mental health of special school teachers.

Conclusion: According the obtained results, it can be concluded that change of irrational believes in special school teachers will result in changes in their behavior and social adjustment, and better mental health.

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Without a doubt, the kind of communication that exists between a mother and her exceptional child is one of the most important fields of research about the exceptional education. The reason is that the personality of the exceptional individual is a reflection of the parents' personalities to the point that the foundation of attachment theory, motherly behavior and the mother's reaction towards the child has considerable influence not only during the childhood but also permanent affect during the entire development stages. Therefore, one of  the fundamental factors is the mother's way of accepting and dealing with the child's disability. According to the current statistics, about three percent of  the total number of children are disable. Therefore, the need for the identification of these children and their mothers' way of emotional and psychological reaction and the proper training for treating these children is important. Therefore, the author of this article is making an attempt to make notice of all the common reactions and the conducted researches in this matter.

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The present study has been done in order to examine and compare problem solving and dyadic adjustment in exceptional and normal children mothers. This research is a descriptive plan of Causal-comparative type. The study population includes all handicapped and normal children mothers of Mashhad that 63 individuals has been selected among exceptional children mothers and 67 individuals has been selected of normal children mothers by available sampling. Data has been obtained by Cassidy and Long problem solving questionnaire and Dyadic Adjustment Scale(DAS) and has been analyzed by independent T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that marital adjustment of exceptional children’s mothers was significantly less than normal children’s mothers ( t= 8/8,p<0/001). When facing a problem, mothers of exceptional children use Lesser efficient style of problem solving ( t= 7/02, p<0/001). When as, they use more Inefficient style of problem solving ( t= 8/08,p<0/001). An handicapped child in a family has effect on marital adjustment and styles of problem solving of mothers. according to findings of this study revealed that marital adjustment and its dimensions as agreement between two people, twosome Correlation, expression of love, marital satisfaction of exceptional children’s mothers was less than normal children’s mothers. Therefore, can conclude that inefficient style of problem solving in family cause difference between family members and for this reason, is reduced marital adjustment. Hence, special courses about family training and individual and group counseling on problem solving skills and coping strategies with stressful issues of life are necessary for parents of exceptional children, until improve relationships between family members and couples.

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bstract
Background and purpose: Considering the need to contain and manage the great challenge of the
Covid-19 pandemic in the public health of most countries and the adverse psychological effects of the
spread of this disease in children with special needs and their caregivers, it is necessary for experts to
vaccinate these children. ; But because children's vaccination is subject to parents' consent, planning
to prepare caregivers' minds helps a lot to solve this challenge. The aim of the study is to investigate the
demographic characteristics and attitude of parents to be vaccinated against covid-19.
Method: Using available sampling method, 187 parents of children with special needs under 12 years of age
completed a cross-sectional survey online in a period of three months. Finally, the demographic evaluation
and its relationship with the parents' views of children with special needs regarding injection were done
using SPSS software and descriptive analysis and variance analysis model and chi-square test.
Findings: The results showed that almost 67% of parents planned to vaccinate their child against Covid-19.
In this analytical model, positive beliefs about vaccines, lack of beliefs about vaccine harm, trust in health
care providers, and parents' vaccination status were inversely related to vaccination intention.
Conclusion: Despite parents' trust in the recommendations of children's health care providers, the findings
showed that relying on trusted relationships alone may not be enough and additional education is needed to
strengthen vaccine trust.
 

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Background: Twice exceptional group is consisting of children who are gifted but have behavioral, emotional, social or academic problems. They are the most misjudged, misunderstood, and neglected segment of exceptional groups. Parents, teachers and professionals have problems in detecting giftedness in disabled children so we lose their abilities as intelligent people. Conclusion: Early identification and intervention prevent future mantel and social problems like underachievement. So, this article reviews twice exceptional identification, characteristics and problems to attract professional’s attention to existence of this group.

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Objective: The purpose of this study is to present and analyze a model according to which the prediction of job satisfaction based on self-efficacy beliefs, teacher's sense of efficacy, job stress and hierarchy of needs in exceptional children's teachers is investigated.

Method: To do this, 165 subjects (99 females and 66 males) among the exceptional children's teachers of elementary grades in lorestan province were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling and were tested using the questionnaires of JDI, SGSES, TSES, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Results: The findings showed that the job satisfaction of these teachers is lower than average. In the first phase, the results of path analysis suggested that the proposed model is not fitted however, extracting the fit indices of the corrected model confirms the coincidence between the corrected and the proposed models. Based on the path coefficients, the effect of general self-efficacy on teacher's sense of efficacy and the effect of teacher's sense of efficacy and the hierarchy of needs on job satisfaction was confirmed. Also, a significant relationship between job satisfaction and security/social needs was observed. The analysis of demographic characteristics showed that the job satisfaction of mentally handicapped group is more than that of the deaf group, but there was no significant relationship between age, education and service years with any of job satisfaction dimensions, and the relationship between sex and job satisfaction was significant only in terms of satisfaction toward colleagues. The difference between females and males in teacher's sense of efficacy and needs levels (except the security needs) was significant however, for general self-efficacy and job stress, no significant difference was found between two groups.

 

Conclusion: It can be concluded that job satisfaction is a multi-dimensional concept in which more than one factor interfere.

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Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of affective-emotional disorders in exceptional children in West Azerbaijan province.

Method: The population of study was consisted of all children studying at all educational grades of West Azerbaijan province schools in 2011-12. Out of 2854 exceptional children students, stratified randomized method was used to select 481 subjects (270 boys and 211 girls) from Urmia, Khoy, Boukan, and Piranshahr cities. Research tools included Teacher report form, Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), academic file. Statistical analyses include descriptive statistics (frequency distribution and percent) and inferential statistics (chi-square test).

Results:  The results show that frequency percentage of behavioral disorder is 13.51% and 15.80% in intra-organizations and inter-organizational, respectively. Total frequency percentage was estimated as 24.12%. Conclusion: According to high frequency of affective-emotional disorders, it is necessary to hold classes to teach parents and instructors considering type of children disability and design educational plans corresponding to requirements and capabilities of exceptional children in order to manage emotions and control behaviors.         

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