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Abstract
Background & Purpose: Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common
disorders in children that disrupts the overall adjustment of life. The aim of this study was to compare the
effectiveness of group play therapy and painting therapy on anxiety and self-esteem of students with
ADHD.
Method: The research was an applied research that was conducted by quasi-experimental method with a
pre-test -post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included students with ADHD in
educational Districts 1 and 2 of Sanandaj in the academic year of 2019-2020, who were divided into 3 groups
of 15 people. The subjects in the first group underwent group play therapy intervention, for a period of 10
sessions. The subjects of the second group also underwent 10 sessions of painting therapy intervention, while
the subjects of the control group did not receive any intervention. In this study, Self-esteem Questionnaire
(Coopersmith, 1967) and Spence Anxiety Questionnaire (1999) were used to collect data. Univariate
analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that group play therapy had a more effect on reducing anxiety in primary
school male students with ADHD than painting-therapy. The findings also showed that group play therapy
was effective in increasing self-esteem, but painting therapy was not effective.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, group play therapy and painting therapy can be used as a
treatment method to reduce anxiety and increase self-esteem of primary students with ADHD.
 

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Abstract
Background and purpose: Students with visual impairments moreover to receive main core curriculum
need to all students, they must receive effective and specialized trainings at uniqueness areas that
compose expanded core curriculum. The purpose of the current paper was to review the researches
related to the special curriculum for students with visual impairments. Exploring of data in this research,
had don by using systematic review.
Method: Its methodology is based on gathering, classifying and summarizing the findings of scientific
articles related to the main educational program developed for students with visual impairments between
2010 and 2023 , taken from Eric, Ebsco, Google Scholar, and Science Direct and so on. Searching has been
done with the keywords like compensatory skills, sensory efficiency, assistive technology, orientation and
movement of independent life, social interactions, professional -(occupational) education, entertainment
and self-determination, and students with visual impairment. The way of searching was in such a way
that the mentioned keywords were searched in Farsi and English. In the initial search, 105 articles were
selected And then 23 articles that titles were compensatory skills, sensory efficiency, assistive technology,
orientation and movement of independent life, social interactions, professional (occupational) education,
entertainment and self-determination and visually impaired students were selected.
Results: The results showed that skills were developed in nine areas of the main educational program
must so teach to students with visually impaired, that is in line with their real life.
Conclusion: Students through organized and successive education by one coaches can achieve these
nine areas.
 

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One of the issues that has long been of interest to researchers is learning disorder. This term was first proposed by Samuel Kirk in 1963 to describe a group of children who were impaired in the development of language, speech, reading, and communication skills. He believed that the cause of these disorders was brain damage and brain malfunctioning. However learning disabilities in the Adler-Dreikurs approach is called learning difficulties which are created due to various factors such as lack of encouragement, lack of respect, lack of sense of belonging, lack of empowerment, lack of accountability, Poor self-concept, lack of cooperation and lifestyle. The present paper aims to examine each of these factors on learning difficulties. For this purpose, some articles about Adler-Dreikurs approach to reading problems in Scopus, Eric, Pubmed and Google search engines were studied using the key words of reading disorder and individual psychology and other related terms. The results of this study showed that improving the sense of belonging, encouragement, empowerment, accountability, self-concept and lifestyle of students with reading difficulties would enhance students' ability to read.